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Kelham Island is a former industrial area beside the River Don in Sheffield city centre, once home to steelworks and other heavy industry. Over the past two decades it has been transformed into one of the city's most popular neighbourhoods, with old mills and warehouses converted into flats, bars, breweries and restaurants, and new housing built alongside them.

Because of its position on the river, low-lying land and dense mix of homes and businesses, the area is known to be vulnerable to flooding. It was badly hit during the major floods that struck Sheffield and South Yorkshire in June 2007, when the Don burst its banks, and concerns about flood risk have remained part of ongoing discussions about the area's future development.

Decisions on flood defences in the city typically involve bodies such as Sheffield City Council and the Environment Agency, working with input from local residents, businesses and developers who have invested heavily in the neighbourhood. Any scheme to protect Kelham Island matters because it affects the safety of homes and livelihoods there, as well as decisions about how much further building can take place in an area still considered at risk of flooding.