US officials have criticised China’s trade relationship with African countries, arguing that subsidised Chinese imports are undermining local manufacturing while African exports remain concentrated in raw materials. The Trump administration says it wants to offer American financing and investment as an alternative, framing the issue as both an economic and strategic concern.

China exported $225 billion of goods to Africa in 2025 but imported about $123 billion, according to the China Global South Project. Critics say Chinese lending can bring conditions favouring Chinese contractors, citing Mozambique, while Chinese vehicles account for an estimated 17% to 40% of South African car sales; supporters point to lower prices and improving product quality for consumers.