A new report argues that the online “manosphere” should be understood less as an organic political movement than as a lucrative grievance industry. It says young men seeking dating, fitness or financial advice are drawn through algorithms into communities that turn genuine anxieties into resentment towards women, immigrants and other perceived enemies, before selling costly or dubious remedies.

The 153-page study by Reset Tech and Equimundo estimates this ecosystem is worth billions through subscriptions, coaching, supplements, cryptocurrency schemes and creator income. It estimates Andrew Tate’s $99-a-month Real World platform generates $184 million in annual gross revenue, while leading streamers may earn $30,000 to $50,000 per hour and prominent speakers more than $200,000 per appearance; Tate denies criminal allegations through his lawyer.